to perceive the environment, process the information, and detect objects. Similarly, Electronic Travel Aids are based on sensors such as infrared, ultrasonic, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and G.P.S. tools and techniques that automatically identify the location of the wearer and transfer that location to their guardian device. State-of-the-art techniques in these primary wearable assistive devices incorporate Global Systems for GSM mobile communication along with G.P.S.
From solutions based on radars in the mid-20th century to the current Artificial Intelligence (A.I.), emerging assistive techniques have played a vital role in designing wearable devices for the visually impaired. Recent advances in technologies, however, have broadened the spectrum of solutions. However, they can only partially provide independent and safe mobility. Traditionally, guide dogs and white canes have served as travel assistants. Insecure and ineffective navigating ranks among the most significant barriers to freedom for visually impaired and blind persons and assisting these visually impaired users is an important research area. These individuals with visual deficits and diseases require support to complete everyday tasks, which include walking and investigating new areas, just as an average person without disabilities does. Becoming visually impaired or blind does not imply that a person cannot travel to and from locations at any time they desire. Statistics published by the World Health Organization (WHO) have revealed that one-sixth of the world population is visually impaired, and that figure is sharply increasing. These assistive tools improve the quality of life of the visually impaired and make them sufficiently capable to navigate indoors and outdoors. To overcome mobility restrictions such as walking, shopping, playing, or moving in an outdoor environment, many assistive tools and technologies have been proposed as wearable devices, allowing users to interact with the environment without triggering any risk. These challenges may be more considerable while navigating through an outdoor environment if a person is unfamiliar with the new background and context due to reduced and contracted vision. A visually impaired person usually faces several challenges for safe and independent movement both indoors and outdoors. The environment may not only be restricted indoors but may extend outdoors as well. Vision-based methods are a specialized method of allowing people to observe and infer knowledge elicited from the environment. Finally, a detailed analysis of various methods is also carried out, with future recommendations. The navigation tools used for the visually impaired are discussed in detail in subsequent sections. It also analyses comprehensive multiple mobility assistive technologies for indoor and outdoor environments and describes the different location and feedback methods for the visually impaired using assistive tools based on recent technologies. This review study introduces several techniques to help the visually impaired with their mobility and presents the state-of-the-art of recent assistive technologies that facilitate their everyday life. Due to the recent rapid rise in the number of visually impaired persons, the development of assistive devices has emerged as a significant research field. They face challenges in going outdoors and in protecting themselves from moving and stationary objects, and they also lack confidence due to restricted mobility. The visually impaired suffer greatly while moving from one place to another.
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